Intwaro 10 z'igikenye zo muri Afrika yo munsi ya Sahara

Mu bihugu bimwe bimwe vya Afrika, gushikiriza iciyumviro ku bibazo vya politike canke kunegura abatwara bishobora gutuma umuntu apfungwa, mbere no kwakwa ubuzima akabwakwa.

Mu myaka mirongo iheze, intwaro nyinshi zagiye zihinduka aho zatera zigabanya umwidegemvyo wo gushikiriza ivyiyumviro, canke zigahasha ijwi ryose ridahuye n'iry'abari ku butegetsi, kandi zikanagenzura rwose ingene amatora agenda ku buryo biba bisa nk'aho demokarasi itagikunda.

Demokarasi igoyagoya

Mu bihugu 55 vya Afrika, ibigera nko kuri cumi bifatwa nk'ivyahindutse intwaro z'igikenye zugaye, mu gihe ibindi 26 bifatwa nk'intwaro z'agahotoro ariko zigerageza gutunganya amatora, nk'uko bivugwa n'Ikigo 'Varieties of Democracy' (V-Dem), kigira ubushakashatsi ku kungene demokarasi yifashe mw'isi.

Ugusubira inyuma kwa demokarasi muri Afrika kwaremejwe n'ico kigo mu cegeranyo caco co mu 2026.

Ikigo V-Dem, gifise icicaro muri Kaminuza ya Göteborg yo muri Suède, kigira kiti: "Ku munyagihugu abayabaye kw'isi, demokarasi yasubiye inyuma ku rugero yariko mu 1978."

Iki cegeranyo kivuga ko ivyari bimaze gushikwako mu 'muzo wa gatatu wa demokarasi', watanguye mu 1974 igihe c'impinduka zo muri Portugal zatumye ubutegetsi bwa Salazar busenyuka, hanyuma zigakwira mu bice vyinshi vy'isi, ubu nka vyose vyasenyutse.

Nk'uko V-Dem ibivuga, urugero rwa demokarasi ku munyagihugu abayabaye ku mugabane wa Buraya w'uburengero no muri Afrika y'uburaruko ruri hasi hatari bwigere habaho mu myaka 50 iheze, ahanini bivuye ku kuntu Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zibandanya gutitura bimwe mu biranga demokarasi.

No mu bindi bice vya Afrika, haribonekeza ugusubira inyuma kw'intambwe yari yaratewe mu bijanye na demokarasi mu myaka 25 iheze, ivyo bikaba vyari vyaratanze umwizero kuri uwu mugabane.

Igice kinini c'abantu baba mu bihugu birongowe n'intwaro z'igikenye

Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 2025, isi yari ifise ibihugu 92 birongowe n'intwaro z'agahotoro, mu gihe ibihugu birangwamwo demokarasi vyari 87. Ivyo vyatumye 74% vy'ababa mw'isi, ni ukuvuga abantu bagera kuri miliyaridi 6, baba mu bihugu birongowe n'intwaro z'agahotoro. Ni mu gihe 7% gusa vy'ababa mw'isi, ni ukuvuga abantu bashika kuri miliyoni 600, baba mu bihugu bifise demokarasi yisanzuye, nk'uko V-Dem ibivuga.

Mu myaka mirongo iheze, harabaye ihinduka rikomeye cane, ryaje rivuguruza umwizero wari uhari mu ntango z'ikinjana ca 21, aho benshi bibaza ko demokarasi yari igiye kurushiriza gukwira kw'isi.

Ikigo V-Dem kivuga kiti:

"Imice nka yose igize demokarasi yarasubiye inyuma cane mu myaka cumi iheze. Mu 2025, umwidegemvyo wo gushikiriza iciyumviro warasubiye inyuma mu bihugu 44, mu gihe kuboreza igufa no guhohotera vyagumye bikoreshwa mu kuzivya abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi. Vyongeye, ibihugu 33 vyibonekejemwo ugusubira inyuma gukomeye mu bijanye na demokarasi."

V-Dem yongerako iti:

"Hari impengamiro zitatu zikomeye zigaragaraza zivuye muri ivyo: ugusubira inyuma kwa demokarasi mu bihugu bimwe bimwe vyahora bifatwa nk'ibifise demokarasi ikomeye; ugusenyuka canke ugusubira inyuma gukomeye kwa demokarasi mu bihugu vyari vyarateye intambwe nziza muri demokarasi mu mpera z'ikinjana ca 20 no mu ntango z'ikinjana ca 21; ugutsimbatara cane kw'igikenye mu bihugu vyari bisanzwe birongowe n'intwaro z'igikenye."

Afrika yo munsi ya Sahara, isi iterekwa demokarasi

Muri Afrika yo munsi ya Sahara, urugero rwa demokarasi rwongeye gusubira aho rwari mu ntango z'imyaka ya 2000, nk'uko vyerekanywa n'ibimenyetso bibiri: ukwiyongera kw'amakudeta agirwa n'abasirikare hamwe n'ugutsimbatara kw'intwaro z'igikenye.

Ikigo V-Dem Institute kivuga kiti: "Ugutsimbatara kw'intwaro z'agahotoro mu bihugu nka Centrafrique, Mozambique na Togo, ni kimwe mu bituma iyo ntambwe mbi ibandanya."

Muri ako karere, 66% vy'abanyagihugu baba mu bihugu birongowe n'intwaro z'igikenye.

Mu bihugu bifise intwaro z'igikenye ariko zitegura amatora, nka Éthiopie, Tanzaniya na Uganda, ni ho haba 48% vy'abanyagihugu bo muri ako karere.

Abashika 14% baba mu bihugu bifise intwaro z'agahotoro zugaye, aho ata matora y'ukuri canke ihiganwa rya politike riba.

Abashika 10% gusa ni bo baba mu bihugu bifise demokarasi ishingiye ku matora, nka Botswana, Ghana n'Afrika y'Epfo.

Abandi 24% baba mu bihugu bifise demokarasi yo hagati na hagati, canke ico bamwe bita "akarere ata ruhande kariko" (zone grise), nk'igihugu ca Kenya na Nijeriya, aho hari ibimenyetso vya demokarasi ariko hakaba hakiri n'utunenge twinshi.

Ng'ibi ibihugu 10 vya mbere bifise intwaro z'igikenye zugaye muri Afrika yo munsi ya Sahara.

1- Erythrée

Kuva hagati y'imyaka ya 90, Abanya Erythrée babayeho mu bihe bisa n'ivyugurukiye umwidegemvyo ariko bidashemeye, vyaranzwe n'ivuka ry'ibinyamakuru vyigenga vyagiye biha ijambo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, harimwo mbere n'abari mu mugambwe uri ku butegetsi, Front populaire pour la démocratie et la justice (PFDJ).

Inama nshingamateka y'imfatakibanza yari yashinze igenekerezo ry'amatora, hariko harigwa ingene hoshingwa umurwi ujejwe amatora, kandi n'integuro y'itegeko riraba ibijanye n'imigambwe yariko irigwa. Inyuma y'intambara ndende yo kwikukira yahuje ico gihugu na Éthiopie, vyasa n'uko Erythrée yariko iratera intambwe buhoro buhoro yerekeza kuri demokarasi.

Ariko rero, ibintu vyarahindutse mu buryo butari bwitezwe muri Nyakanga(9) 2001. Igihe isi yose yariko yerekeza amaso ku bitero vy'iterabwoba vyo kw'igenekerezo rya 11 Nyakanga muri Amerika, ubutegetsi bwarugaye ibinyamakuru vyose vyigenga ku munsi umwe gusa, buzivya amajwi akomeye yanegura ubutegetsi. Abamenyeshamakuru benshi barafashwe, mu nyuma baburwa irengero.

Muri ico gihe nyene, reta yarafashe abantu 11 bo mu murwi wari uzwi kw'izina rya G-15, harimwo abahoze ari abashikiranganji batatu b'imigenderanire n'ayandi makungu, uwahoze ari umukuru w'ingabo, hamwe n'abashingamateka. Kuva bafashwe, nta makuru atomoye yigeze atangazwa ku vyabashikiye.

Ivyizigiro vya demokarasi Abanya Erythrée bari bafise vyaciye bizimangana, igihugu na co gihinduka kimwe mu bifise intwaro zugaye kandi z'igikenye kuruta ibindi muri Afrika.

Mu myaka irenga mirongo itatu, Perezida Isaias Afwerki amaze ku butegetsi, nta matora y'umukuru w'igihugu yigeze ategurwa muri iki gihugu.

2- Burkina Faso

Kuva afashe ubutegetsi muri Nyakanga (9)2022, umukuru w'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare muri Burkina Faso ntiyigeze ahisha ko adashigikiye demokarasi.

Ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bwarahagaritse ibiganiro vy'ibimenyeshamakuru mpuzamakungu vyinshi, burongera burirukana bamwe mu bamenyeshamakuru babikoreramwo.

Mu kwezi kwa Gitugutu (10) guheze, bwarasambuye umurwi wigenga w'igihugu ujejwe amatora (CENI), hanyuma haheze amezi atanu, muri Ruhuhuma (2) 2026, bufuta imigambwe yose.

Mu kiganiro caciye ku mboneshakure y'igihugu kw'igenekerezo rya 2 Ndamukiza(4), Kapitene Traoré yasavye Abanya Burkina Faso "kwibagira ibijanye na demokarasi".

Yagize ati:

"Ntituranashika ku kibazo c'amatora (...), abantu bakwiye kwibagira ibijanye na demokarasi. Demokarasi si iyacu."

Kubera ko igihugu kiri mu ntambara yo kurwanya imirwi y'iterabwoba, ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare buragirizwa rimwe rimwe kunyuruza abatavuga rumwe na bwo hamwe n'ababunegura.

Hari n'abasivire banegura ubutegetsi bavuga ko barungikwa ku rugamba kwifatanya n'ingabo, n'ubwo atari abasirikare.

3- Mali: Gusubira ibuti

Kw'igenekerezo rya 26 Ntwarante (3) 1991, imyiyerekano y'abanyagihugu yarasenyuye intwaro y'igikenye ya général Moussa Traoré muri Mali.

Umusirikare akiri muto, Amadou Toumani Touré, ni we yaciye afata ubutegetsi, afise intumbero yo gushira igihugu mu nzira ya demokarasi.

Inyuma y'ikiringo c'imfatakibanza, Mali yarateguye amatora y'imigambwe myinshi, maze Alpha Oumar Konaré atorerwa kuba Perezida. Aho ni ho hatanguriye ikiringo ca demokarasi cari kimaze igihe gifatwa nk'akarorero keza muri Afrika y'Uburengero.

Ariko rero, inyuma y'imyaka mirongo itatu, igihugu gisa n'icasubiye aho cari cavuye.

Kuva mu 2020, abasirikare bafashe ubutegetsi inyuma y'uguhirika ubutegetsi kwabaye incuro zibiri zikurikirana, bagiye bakuraho buhoro buhoro inzira ya demokarasi.

Umwidegemvyo wa politike n'uw'abanyagihugu waragabanijwe cane. Imigambwe yarafuswe, kandi ibikorwa vy'amashirahamwe menshi yigenga vyaragabanijwe rwose.

Abanyepolitike bamwe barafashwe barapfungwa, mu gihe abamenyeshamakuru, abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu hamwe n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bamwe bamwe bahatiwe guhunga igihugu.

Mu gihe abasirikare batwara igihugu bahanganye n'imirwi y'aba jihadiste, bakaba kandi bari basezeraniye abanyagihugu ko ikiringo c'imfatakibanza comaze imyaka ine gusa, ubu bigumije ku butegetsi kandi nta n'ikiringo batanga c'aho ubutegetsi bazobusubiriza ku mushinge w'ibwirizwa nshingiro.

4- Niger : Ugusubira inyuma gukomeye

Co kimwe n'ibindi bihugu vyo mu karere, Niger na yo iriko irasubira inyuma mu vya demokarasi.

Ariko rero, mu myaka ya 90, ico gihugu cari caruguruye urubuga rwa poritike, aho hagati ya 1991 na 1993, cavuye ku ntwaro y'umugambwe umwe kija ku butegetsi bwugurukiye imigambwe myinshi.

Mu myaka ya 2000, igihugu cagiye kirongorwa n'intwaro z'abasivire zagiye zikurikiranya, harimwo iya Mahamadou Issoufou, yatorewe ikiringo c'imyaka itanu mu 201, mu nyuma asubira gutorwa mu 2016.

Ariko uguhirikwa ku butegetsi kw'uwamusubiriye, Mohamed Bazoum, n'umurwi w'abasirikare mu 2023, kwatumye igihugu gisubira mu butegetsi bwa gisirikare burangwa n'agahotoro.

Ubwo butegetsi bwarasambuye imigambwe, bwimurira ku gihe kitazwi amatora hamwe n'ibijanye no gusubiza igihugu abasivire, kandi burushiriza gukomeza ububasha bwabwo ku nzego zose za poritike, mu gihe bugenda bugabanya umwidegemvyo wo gushikiriza iciyumviro.

5- Sudani y'Epfo

Inyuma y'imyaka myinshi yo kurwanira ukwikukira, ubutegetsi bwa Sudani y'Epfo bwagumye mu maboko y'umugambwe umwe, SPLM, urongowe na Perezida Salva Kiir.

Kuva iki gihugu kironse intahe y'ukwikukira muri Mukakaro (7) 2011, inzego nka zose za reta zigenzurwa n'uwo mugambwe, ivyo bikaba vyaragabanije cane ikibanza ca demokarasi.

Kuva intambara yaduka mu 2013, ubutegetsi busangiwe mu buryo budatekanye bunarangwamwo uruhagarara hagati ya Perezida Salva Kiir n'uwo bahiganwa muri poritike, icegera ciwe Riek Machar.

Ku bijanye na demokarasi, yo iracari ikintu kitaramenywa n'abanyagihugu ba Sudani y'Epfo, ari na co gihugu giheruka kwikukira muri Afrika.

6- Sudani

Sudani irongowe n'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare buyobowe na Jenerale Abdel Fattah al-Burhan.

Haraciye imyaka Sudani igeramiwe n'intambara iriko yonona ibitari bike, aho ingabo za reta zihanganye n'umuhari FSR witwara gisirikare.

Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yagiriza impande zompi zirwana gukora ivyaha vy'ubwicanyi hamwe n'ivyo guhonyanga uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi ababikora ntibabihanirwe.

7- Somalie

Kuva Siad Barre ahiritse ubutegetsi mu 1969, Abanyasomaliya ntibaronka akaryo ko kwitorera mu mwidegemvyo ababarongora.

Siad Barre yari yakuyeho imigambwe myinshi, ahagarika ibwirizwa nshingiro, maze ashiraho intwaro y'igikenye yatumye igihugu cinjira mu ntambara y'abanyagihugu mu myaka ya 90.

Muri iyi myaka ya vuba, Somaliya iriko irondera inzira yoyifasha kuva mu myaka irenga mirongo itanu ata demokarasi nyayo, mu kugerageza gutunganya amatora y'abanyagihugu bose arimwo n'imigambwe myinshi.

8- Repuburika ya Guinée

Muri Repubulika ya Guinée, n'ubwo habaye amatora muri Kigarama (12) 2025 no muri Rusama (5)2026, ubutegetsi bwarushirije gufata inzira y'igikenye, burangwa n'ihagarikwa ry'agasakisaki ry'abantu, ukuburwa irengero kwa bamwe, hamwe n'urupfu rutavugwako rumwe rw'abantu bivugwa ko bapfiriye mw'ibohero.

Mu matora y'umukuru w'igihugu yabaye muri Kigarama 2025, Jenerale Mamadi Doumbouya, yafashe ubutegetsi biciye mw'ihirikwa ry'uwahahoze mu 2021, yatangajwe ko yatsinze ku majwi 86,72%.

Imbere y'ayo matora, indogozi z'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi zabanje kwakwa uburenganzira bwo kwitoza, ivyatumye bamwe n'abandi biyamiriza ingene amatora ariko arategurwa, bakabona ko ata muco n'ubutungane vyabayemwo.

9- Eswatini

Eswatini ni bwo bwami bwonyene buri muri Afrika bufise intwaro y'umwami afise ububasha bwuzuye kandi budasanzwe.

Umwami Mswati III ni we afise ububasha bwose bw'igihugu, burimwo ubw'ubutegetsi nshingwabikorwa, ubw'inama nshingamateka n'ubw'ubutungane. Ni na we agenzura igiporisi, igisirikare hamwe n'inzego z'ubutungane z'ubwo bwami.

Kuva kw'itegeko ry'umwami ryasohowe mu 1973, imigambwe yarafuswe muri ico gihugu. Inama nshingamateka igizwe n'abashingamateka 69, muri bo 10 bakaba bagenwa n'umwami ubwiwe.

Mu 2018, Alvit Dlamini, yari Perezida wa NNLG, umugambwe wa kera kuruta iyindi muri Eswatini, yavuze ati: "Amatora ni ihiganwa hagati y'imigambwe. Ariko hano ntihaba amatora nyayo, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo kugena abantu bugirwa n'abashigikiye umwami. Uwuyitabiriye ntashobora gusigura canke guharanira ivyiyumviro vyiwe vya poritike."

10- Guinée-Bissau

Guinée-Bissau ni kimwe mu bihugu bimaze imyaka myinshi birangwa n'ingorane za poritike n'iz'inzego za reta, ivyo bikaba vyatumye kigenda kija kure y'ingingo ngenderwako za demokarasi zibonekeza mu bindi bihugu vya Afrika.

Muri Munyonyo (11) 2025, mu gihe muri iki gihugu hariko haba amatora y'umukuru w'igihugu, bakaba mbere bariko baraharura amajwi, igisirikare carasohotse mu makambi maze gihirika Perezida yari ku butegetsi.

Ikintu kidasanzwe ni uko Umaro Sissoco Embaló, Perezida yari ahejeje gukurwa ku butegetsi, ari we ubwiwe yamenyesheje amakungu ko yahiritswe n'abasirikare.

Inyuma y'iyo kudeta, abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bafatiwe ingingo zitandukanye zibabuza gukora ibikorwa vya poritike, mu gihe impungenge zaciye ziyongera ku bijanye no kwubahirizwa uburenganzira hamwe na kazoza k'imigambwe myinshi muri iki gihugu.

N'imbere y'uko ubutegetsi bugengwa n'ibwirizwa nshingiro buhirikwa, uburyo Umaro Sissoco Embaló yariko aratwara igihugu bwari busanzwe bunegurwa.

Abatavuga rumwe na we muri poritike hamwe n'imiryango myinshi itegamiye kuri reta bavuga ko yatwaza umukazo.

Ayo matati yaragaragaye cane mu gihe c'amatora, ku buryo mbere yahungabanije n'utwigoro tw'Umuryango w'Ibihugu vya Afrika y'Uburengero (CEDEAO), wariko ugerageza guhuza impande zitandukanye kugira ngo igihugu ntikirwe mu kaga.